History of the Werewolf

The werewolf is a myth that has been around since the ancient Greeks and is still prevalent in today’s culture. Some websites say that the origins of werewolf’s are in the territory of the Fox tribe today known as Wisconsin. People who have seen a werewolf have described it as a tall, greyish white beast that stands on its hind legs. Some legends say that werewolf’s are the seventh child born, others say they are men that have gone on angry rampages killing entire villages in wolf hides, others say the full moon causes men to change into wolves and become violent.Before researching this paper I had questions about where the term werewolf may have originated. I also pondered about when the first recorded sightings may have been for werewolves or how to become a werewolf. During my research I found out that the prefix â€Å"wer† is Saxon for man, so it means man wolf. It is said that the first sighting of a werewolf was recorded in 1550 B. C. near Arcadia. T he story is about King Lycaon of Arcadia who supposedly gave an offering of human flesh to the God Zeus. As a punishment Zeus turned him into a wolf.In Native American mythology it is said that Wisakachek produced the first werewolf. I found out that people can become werewolves through a virus called Lupine Parvovirus or LPV. This can only be transmitted by a wolf bite. Usually a virus takes over a cell and uses it as a factory or host for producing proteins. LPV is different from most viruses in that sense because it transforms the host organism instead of destroying it. The story starts with Wisakachek meeting two boys out hunting for their village.He gave the hunters the ability to shape-shift into wolves in order to catch deer, but only for catching deer not to kill humans. The one boy named Matchitehew got into a scrum with another boy from the village. In his anger he turned into a wolf and killed the boy. The two hunters Keme and Matchitehew were kicked out of the village. W isakachek became furious and casted a spell on Matchitehew that turned him into a mindless wolf every night. Keme left knowing that Matchitehew would not be able to control himself.Matchitehew became known as the father of werewolves. In present times werewolves have more influence than ever. From dominating the screen to books the legend of the werewolf lives on. Movies and books such as Twilight have deep mythical roots. With the books and movies grossing well over three billion dollars we could deduce that werewolves play a role in the world’s economy. Another effect werewolves have on society is they are vicious man eating beasts that may hurt little children. History of the Werewolf The werewolf is a myth that has been around since the ancient Greeks and is still prevalent in today’s culture. Some websites say that the origins of werewolf’s are in the territory of the Fox tribe today known as Wisconsin. People who have seen a werewolf have described it as a tall, greyish white beast that stands on its hind legs. Some legends say that werewolf’s are the seventh child born, others say they are men that have gone on angry rampages killing entire villages in wolf hides, others say the full moon causes men to change into wolves and become violent.Before researching this paper I had questions about where the term werewolf may have originated. I also pondered about when the first recorded sightings may have been for werewolves or how to become a werewolf. During my research I found out that the prefix â€Å"wer† is Saxon for man, so it means man wolf. It is said that the first sighting of a werewolf was recorded in 1550 B. C. near Arcadia. T he story is about King Lycaon of Arcadia who supposedly gave an offering of human flesh to the God Zeus. As a punishment Zeus turned him into a wolf.In Native American mythology it is said that Wisakachek produced the first werewolf. I found out that people can become werewolves through a virus called Lupine Parvovirus or LPV. This can only be transmitted by a wolf bite. Usually a virus takes over a cell and uses it as a factory or host for producing proteins. LPV is different from most viruses in that sense because it transforms the host organism instead of destroying it. The story starts with Wisakachek meeting two boys out hunting for their village.He gave the hunters the ability to shape-shift into wolves in order to catch deer, but only for catching deer not to kill humans. The one boy named Matchitehew got into a scrum with another boy from the village. In his anger he turned into a wolf and killed the boy. The two hunters Keme and Matchitehew were kicked out of the village. W isakachek became furious and casted a spell on Matchitehew that turned him into a mindless wolf every night. Keme left knowing that Matchitehew would not be able to control himself.Matchitehew became known as the father of werewolves. In present times werewolves have more influence than ever. From dominating the screen to books the legend of the werewolf lives on. Movies and books such as Twilight have deep mythical roots. With the books and movies grossing well over three billion dollars we could deduce that werewolves play a role in the world’s economy. Another effect werewolves have on society is they are vicious man eating beasts that may hurt little children.

Assignment Meg 5

Dhvani This word means â€Å"sound† literally, but does not deal with the fhction of sound in the musical sense. The theory was first propounded by Anandavardhana, the ninth century thinker, in his treatise, Dhavanyaloka (Dhvani+aloka). The Dhvani theory considers the indirectly evoked meaning or suggestivity as the characteristic f a e of literary utterance. This feature separates and determines the literary from other kinds of discourse, and is an all-embracing principle which explains the structure and function of the other significant aspects of literary utterance: the aesthetic &e,d or rasa, the figural mode and devices (alamkara), and so on. Related article: Fallacy of Absolute StatementIn Kapoor's words, â€Å"all the subsequent literary theorists in the tradition found the combination of rasa and dhvani theories both adequate and sufficient to analyse the constitution of meaning in Indian literature. † In his treatise I have mentioned before, Anandavardhana has given a detailed description of structural analysis of indirect meanings. According to him, if we can explain how indirect meanings arise systematically, we can claim that all potential meanings inhere in a text. Anandavardhana uses the term dhvani to designate the universe of suggestion. The soul of kmya is dhyani, he says). His preference for the term sprang from the fact that grammarians before him had used the term to denote several concepts. First, to denote the sound structure of sabda or words; second, to denote the semantic aspect of sabda; and third, the complex of the now revealed suggested meaning and the process of suggestion involved. Thus dr vuni theory is a theory of meaning (an Indian hermeneutics or sorts), of symbolism. The thrust of this theory is towards claiming a greater value for the poetry of suggestion.Anandavardhana integrates the theory of the rasa with his dhvani theory; that is, he says that dhvani is the method through which the effect of rasa is achieved. Rasa is the effect of suggestion. Mimesis For Plato (429-397 B. C. ), ‘poiesis' or what we call literary theory or even criticism was an imitation or, ‘mimesis'. (‘Poiesis' (GK) translates into poetry, in English, but the focus of these two term is very different, for the Greeks lyric poetry had a very small part to play as compared to the epic or drama. Plato and Aristotle moreover theorised not about lyric oetry, but about tragedy and comedy, about drama, so Richard Harland suggests the more appropriate use of the terms literary theory/criticism for the Greek ‘poiesis'). Plato called ‘poiesis' an imitation or ‘mime sis' because he believed drama to be a reproduction of something that is not really present, and is therefore a ‘dramatisation of the reproduction' (Richard Harland, p. 6). What he means is that in a play or an epic, what happens is this – the poet recreates an experience, the audience watch that re-created experience, they are in fact encouraged to live through that experience . s if they are physically within the time and space of that experience. Not only this, Plato, also goes on distinguish between ‘mimesis' and ‘digenesis'. â€Å"Mimesis' is the speech of a character directly reproduced,' whereas ‘digenesis' is ‘a narration of doings and sayings where ‘the poet speaks in his own person and does not try to turn our attention in another direction by pretending that soineone else is speaking . ‘ [Plato, quoted in Harland, p. 7). With this distinction between ‘mimesis' and ‘digenesis', it is easy for us to discern that drama is entirely ‘mimet~c' , whereas epic is mi metic only where dialogue is reproduced rii t e%:! t. where the poet t r l l s (lie ~ [ O I, il I ,d i ‘r IV. / $C' . I ! ] . iiurt, this is what larv called ‘ s h c ~111 ~:' , 1 1 1 t i ‘tcllii~g'r e:,pet>l~l; . l1l*zi~h owever disapprt . imitation, and i)1 tit~ln,ltiscdd ~alogue. ‘Mimesis', in Greek thought primarily meant ‘making' of one sort or another. This is well recorded in Plato. Plato gave a new metaphysical and epistemological perspective to mimesis, enlargening its meaning from ‘making' by human hands to ‘making' by universal force.Yet, mimesis, not only in Plato's definition but in the use of the concept in the whole of western tradition, always retained the sense of not only ‘making,' but of ‘making' a copy of some original which was never totally independent of the model. (Gupt 93). In Platonic theory, all art (techne) has been taken to mean some kind of manipu lation close to craft. In the Sophist, Plato has divided techne into acquisitive, productive and creative categories of which the last brings into existence things not existing before.However, the highest art, in the scheme of Plato is not music or poetry, but statecraft, which is compared to the making of a tragedy in the Laws (817B) and to sculpture in the Republic (420C). All production, in a general way, is ‘mimesis'. In the Greek usage, there was not only the term ‘mimesis' but others such as mithexis (participation), homoiosis, (likeness) and paraplesia (likeness) and which were close to the meaning, of mimesis. These terms were also used to show the relationship ‘between an im age (eidolon) and its archetype.Moreover, not only are objects imitated by pictures of them, but the essences of things are imitated also by names that we give to those things. For example, the essence or the dogness of a dog is imitated by the name ‘dog' given to that creature ( Cratylus 423-24). Similarly, reality is imitated or mimetised by thought, eternity by time (Timaeus 38b). The musician imitates divine harmony, the good man imitates the virtues, the wise legislator imitates the Form of God in constructing his state, god (demiourgos) imitates the Forms in the making of Ws world. With Aristotle the concept of mimesis undergoes a major transformation.It retains the condition of being a copy of a model, but the Platonic denigration is reversed. This reversal is based on a metaphysical revision. The permanent reality is not transcedental in Aristotle's opinion. When an artist makes an object, he incorporates certain universal elements in it but he does fall short of any absolute model of dniversality. Because of the universality contained in art, in Aristotle's view, art, as all other imitation leads to knowledge. The pleasure that mimesis provides is on account of knowledge that is acquired through mimesis, even though this knowledge is of particulars: And since learning and admiring are pleasant, all things connected with them must also. be pleasant; for instance, a work of imitation, such as painting, sculpture, Toetry, and all that is well imitated, even if the object of imitation is not pleasant; for it is not this that causes pleasure or the reverse, but the inference that the imitation and the object imitated are identical, so that the result is that we learn something. † (Rhetoric I, xi, 1371 b; trans. Freese qtd. by Beardsley 57) Besides possessing didactic capacity mimesis is defined as a pleasurable likeness.Aristotle defines the pleasure giving quality of mimesis in the Poetics, as follows: â€Å"First, the instinct of imitation is implanted in man from childhood, one difference between him and other animals being that he is the most imitative of living creatures, and through imitation learns his earliest lessons; and no less universal is the pleasure felt in things imitated. Thus the reason why men enjoy seeing a likeness is, that in contemplating it they find themselves learning or inferring, and saying perhaps, ‘Ah, that is he. ‘ Imitation, then, is one instinct of our nature. (Poetics IV. 1-6 ) As a corollary it follows that the artist is no liar, but on the contrary, leads us to Truth. However, Aristotle seems to have limited his vision when it comes to enumerating the objects of imitation. In Plato, all creation was an imitation of Forms, which were transcendental. For Aristotle, though the Form (eidos) of every object existed, it was not a transcendental reality but something within Nature which Nature itself tends to attain. Further, it is said that for Aristotle, Art helps Nature in this endeavour of attaining the perfection of Form.This interpretation of Aristotle's metaphysics has been based upon his two oft-quoted sayings, â€Å"Art imitates Nature† (Physics iii. 2 I94a 21. ) and â€Å"the artist may imitate things as they ought to be† (Poetics XXXV: I ). Amplifying from this Butcher has concluded: † If wekxpand Aristotle's idea in the light of his own system, fine art eliminates what is transient and particular and reveals the permanent and essential features of the original. It discovers ‘form' (eidos) towards which an object tends, the result which nature strives to attain. (150) There is little in the writings of Aristotle that can explicitly sustain such a conclusion. This discovery of the form (eidos) in objects tends to make Aristotle into a shadow of Plato. Aristotle admits that there is something permanent and enduring in art, but that something could be called eidos, is beyond substantiation from Aristotle's writings. Similarly, the dictum, art imitates nature, has given rise to many interpretations over the centuries. â€Å"It has been argued that the irrner principle of Nature is what art imitates.But if we follow out his thought, his (Aristotle's) reply would appear to be something of this kind. Nature is a living and creative energy, which by a sort of instinctive reason works in every individual object towards a specific end † (Butcher 155). The teleological and structural pattern of tragedy seems to have been transferred on to Nature by Butcher. This was a typical nineteenth century view of Aristotelian philosophy. Since the Renaissance, different definitions of Nature have been foisted upon Aristotle's dictum, art imitates Nature.For the purpose of drama, the most disastrous one was that of realism, which having captured fiction by techniques of portraiture, landscape, and caricature, transferred these on to drama. Aristotle was clear that a e purpose of imitation in drama, was to provide proper pleasure by imitating action. Mimesis of men in action was mimesis of all human life. Through music, the artist imitates, anger and mildness as well as courage or temperance (Politics v. viii. 5. 134~1 8) and ethical qualities and emotions. Similarly, he says, â€Å"Dance,'imitate s character, emotions and action† (Poetics 1. 5).We should be content to note that in drama he applied the general theory ef mimesis, which he thought, was both for the s&e of pleasure and knowledge. But even the Aristotelian affirmation of pleasure in art was not sufficient to free art from being constantly compared with its original, that is the worldly objects. This originally Platonic habit, has been strong throughout western criticism which repeatedly gauges art in terms of how truthfully or realistically it represents the world, how much of an understanding of the world can it bring to us, one way or another. , 3. 3 THE MEDIA OF MIMESIS 3. 3. 1 Rhythm, Language, and Haniony After stating that epic poetry, tragedy, comedy, dithyrambic poetry, flute or lyre playing are all ‘modes of mimesis,' Aristotle states that mimesis in different arl forms is achieved differently, and that the object and manner of mimesis is different in each case ( Poetics 1; 2-4 ). He states t hat the three media for all arts are as follows: For there are persons who, by conscious act or mere habit, imitate and represent various objects through the medium of colour and fonn, or again , by voice; so in the arts above mentioned, taken as a whole, the imitation is produced by rhythm, language and harmony, either singly or combined. Poetics 1:4 ) Leaving aside painting and sculpture which use colour and other forms (materials), the arts of performance like music, dance and drama, use rhythm, language and harmony. Flute and lyre use rhythm and notes only, and dancing uses only rhythm. But for Aristotle, rhythm is not a mere beat or a division of time, but movement with regularity, be it theemere movement of the body or that of notes. That is why, dancing, he says, imitates characteG emotion and action by rhythmical movement (15). -Poetry or verse whether creative or informative imitates through language alone, but dithyrambic and elegiac poetry, tragedy and comedy use all thre e means. In dithyrambic and elegiac poetry all three means are used together, but in tragedy and comedy now one means is employed, now Aristotle's Theory of Imitation Classical Cdtkisrn another (15). What is true of tragedy and comedy can be taken as true of all drama, satyr plays included. Aristotle's brevity of plan has prevented him from saying anything further about the manner in which rhythm, language and harmony are employed in drama.About the details of language (lexis) one can gather quite a few things from Aristotle's comments on language which he categorised as one of the six elements of tragedy. But the nature of harmony (which he called melopoiia and enumerated as another element of tragedy) is hardly touched upon by him. So is rhythm never mentioned again in the Poetics. No wonder, then, that one has to look elsewhere to gather information about the use of music in the Greek theatre. Aristotle perhaps took musical employment in drama for granted and, therefore, refraine d from stating anything further about it.But the result of what may have been for him a redundancy, was disastrous for the post-Renaissance readers of the Poetics. The practical art of theatre-music being extinct, the Europeans reconstructed a picture of Greek drama in which there was hardly any place for rhythm or music. Greek drama was envisaged as a primarily rhetorical affair (an impression reinforced by Roman tragedies) far removed from the balance of visual and aural channels of theatrical expression that ancient drama depends so much upon.But if Aristotle left out the details of musical application he was at least explicit in stating it as a medium of mimesis. However, he not only neglected but left out from his description of tragedy the visual content of Greek performances constituted by the physical movements and complex gestures of the actors and the chorus. More than their mask and costume, the Greek actors had a repertoire of highly emotive gestures, just as the chorus members had a repertoire of a variety of dances to create complex visual effects. CatharsisThere has been a sustained attempt to postulate that catharsis could be a common and basic aesthetic experience. But the very meaning of catharsis has been a source of conflicting interpretations. In the nineteenth century one major way of looking at catharsis was to take it as a medical term transferred to poetic criticism. Cleansing (kenosis) in the Hippocratic writings denotes the entire removal of healthy but surplus humours: Catharsis is the removal of the afflictions or excesses (â€Å"ta lupounta†) and the like of qualitatively alien matter (But cher 253). This doctrine of imbalance of vital forces later on called humours, as the primary cause of disease, is of purely Indian origin. As demonstrated by Filliozat, the science was well formulated in India as early as the Atharva Veda and travelled t o Greece through Persia). According to the Hippocratic theory, an imbalance among th e elements of air , bile (of two kinds) and phlegm causes each and every disease. The cure lying in subduing the overswollen element and restoring the balance between the four elements. Besides this well-stated medicinal doctrine, there was also the practice of curing madness through musical catharsis.The patients were made to listen to certain melodies which made them â€Å"fall back into their normal state, as if they had undergone a medical or purgative (cathartic) treatment† (Politics V. viii. 7. 1342 a IS qtd. in Butcher 249). It is further added that not only is catharsis achieved musically but that â€Å"those who are liable to pity and fear, and in general, persons of emotional temperament pass through a like experience; †¦ they all undergo a catharsis of some kind and feel a pleasurable relief' (Butcher 251).The nature of catharsis described in the Politics should be true for the Poetics, as Aristotle himself has stated that his observations are of a general na ture in the former treatise but shall be more detailed in a later work. Therefore, those who presumed that tragic catharsis like musical catharsis restores normally healthy emotional state, were not so wrong. But this rather clinical definition of catharsis does not satisfy the literary theorists. As early as Butcher it was felt there was more to it. â€Å"But the word, as taken up by Aristotle into his terminology of art, has probably a further meaning.It expresses not 6nly a fact of psychology or of pathology, but a principle of art (253). The tragic pity and fear he postulated, â€Å"in real life contain a morbid and disturbing I' element †¦ As the tragic action progresses, the lower forms of emotion are found to have been transmuted into more refined forms† (254). He further postulated that this purification is also a change of the personal emotion to the universal. Purged of the â€Å"petty interest of the self' (261) emotion now becomes a representation of the un iversal, so that the â€Å"net result is a noble emotional satisfaction† (267).It is not difficult to discern that catharsis is equated with aesthetic pleasure in which noble emotional satisfaction is an essential feature, â€Å"But whatever may have been the indirect effect of the repeated operation of catharsis, we may confidently say that Aristotle in his definition of tragedy is thinking, not only of any remote result, but of the immediate end of the art, of the Aristotle's Theory of aesthetic function it fulfils† (Butcher 269). Tragedy -Part IJ In my opinion, to raise the balancing function of catharsis to the level of . universalisation is to stretch the concept too far.CertC,-;rlyt, he restorative function of catharsis may bring relief such as a sick person feels upon recovery. But it is a presumption on the part of Butcher that universalisation takes place because the element purged from the dramatic emotion is that of personal â€Å"petty interest of the self ' (261). The Aristotelian catharsis, or for that matter the whole tradition of catharsis, by music or Dionysian orgies, has personal cure or satisfaction as its end. Inner restoration, but not the enjoyment of a new aesthetic element, can at best be the purpose of catharsis. The factors of enjoyment, of â€Å"oikeia hedone†, are ifferent as stated earlier. . Other than regarding it as purgational, there has been another m~jowr ay of interpreting catharsis. The dual concept of purity and impurity which pervaded the physical, moral, religious and spiritual life of the Greeks was the most deepseated factor governing their daily activities. The duality of pollution (miasma) and purgation (catharsis) was part of the Indo-European belief system. We find that in Greek plays, all tragic action is dependent on acts of transgression such as the murder of a kin, sexual defilement, affronts to deities, and so on.These acts brought pollution (miasma) upon the protagonist and the people ar ound him. In Greek religion there were prescriptions for expiation of such crimes, just as in India rituals were prescribed for purging of pollution. In tragedies, the very ritual of expiation was often enacted, as in the Oresteia. In most plays, the protagonist was expelled from the community by death or banishment; there was expulsion (kenosis) of the sinner and purification (catharsis) of a given location, city, grove or household. Whereas in some plays, as in the Oresteia, this cycle was shown in ,- itP n——. 1, . teness, in other playh it was shown partially. In some other plays as in Hecabe or Women of Troy, there is only miasma and no katharsis. Looked at in this way, tragedy was a depiction of the cycle of miasma and catharsis. To my mind, the annual enactment of tragedy was to reaffm the miasrnacatharsis duality, which was a major cultural value of ancient Greek society. In all ancient societies the purpose of retelling the myths, particularly on festive occasi ons, was many-fold; it was to preserve and transmit the stories, to re-state the beliefs they enshrined, and $0 relive the behaviour patterns sanctified by tradition.The retelling always had a ritual significance even if it took the form of dramatic enactment for the purpose of entertainment. Entertainment and ritual were intertwined in ancient theatre. In this manner, tragedy was a reliving of the pollution-purity cycle by both the actors and the spectators. The community, the protagonist, hisher acts, and the aroused emotions of the audience, all underwent a catharsis. In his analysis,of catharsis, Gerald Else has rightly grasped the spiritual significance that catharsis had for the Greeks, but he restricts the scope of purgation to the acts of the protagonist.For Else, remorse makes the hero eligible to the spectators' pity, and this pity along with the hero's remorse proves that the act of transgression was actually a pure (cufharos) act. Thus catharsis is the process of proving purity. As Else puts it: The filthiness inheres in a conscious intention to kill a person who is a close kin. An unconscious intention to do so, i. e, in intention to do so without being aware of the kinship as Oedipus did not know that he killed his father would therefore be pure, catharos. But purity must be proved to our satisfaction.Catharsis would then be the process of proving that the act was pure in that sense. How is such a thing proved ? According to Nicomachean Ethics (3,2, 11 lob19 and 11 1 la20 ), by the remorse of the doer, which shows that if he had known the facts he would not have done the deed. In Oedipus, the thing which establishes this to our satisfaction is Oedipus' self blinding. It, then, effects a purification of the tragic deed and so makes Oedipus eligible to our pity. (Else 98) From this interpretation it seems that Else does not believe that catharsis enefits the audience and their emotions in anyway. In his reading of the famous passage , in the Poetic s, catharsis is purification of the tragic deed and not of the emotions of the spectators. This goes against all other instances of catharsis as mentioned by Plato and Aristotle. The examples they have givenindicate a change in the mental state of the spectators or music listeners. Besides, it is nowhere indicated by Aristotle that pity in tragedy was aroused for the purpose of regenerating and purifying the sin and the sinner.He is more concerned with showing how we can feel pity for the protagonist. This feeling in us is more capable of providing catharsis to us rather than just providing that the act of the hero was catharos. If the concept of catharsis is to have any general utility, it must be persumed that the cycle of pollution and purgation (miasma and catharsis) effects an emotional catharsis in the audience as well. A harmonious view of catharsis which combines its spiritual, clinical and aesthetic effects is more in keeping with the unified approach of the ancients. Biogr aphia Literaria Biographia Literaria was begun by its author as a literary autobiography but ended up in discussions about Kant, and Schelling and Coleridge's perceptive criticism of Wordsworth's poetry and a comprehensive statement on creative imagination which constitutes his most signal contribution to literary criticism and theory. As was his wont, oler ridge has let his awe-inspiringly powerful mind loose on aestheiics, its philosophical foundations and its practical application in an almost desultory manner.The result is a mine of inexhaustible potential called Biographia Literaria to which critics of all shades of opinion have turned for help and inspiration and very seldom has any one of them been disappointed. Arthur Symons justly described the work as rthe greatest book of English criticism']. Coleridge has sometimes been accused of borrowing from the Germans, particularly from Kant, Sckelli~~angd the Schlegels, but most of his ideas were originally arrived at and, in my c ase. the system into which these ideas were f;tt~A as the creation of his own great mind. Coleridge's whole aesthetic – his definition of poetry, his idea of the poet, and h ~ s poetical criticism – revolve around his theory of creative imagination. From this point of view chapters XI11 and XIV of Biographin Liter~rri~alr e most sign~ticant. The statement of the theory of imagination in Biographia Litercrria is preceded by a prolix and, at time, abstruegn†;losophical discourse in the form of certain theses or propositions whose crs is Coleridge's attempt to define Nature and Self.Nature – the sum of all that is objective – is passive and unconscious while Self or Intelligence the sum of all that is subjective – is vital and conscious. All knowledge is the product of the coalescence of the subject and the object. This coalescence leads to the act of creation, I AM. It is in this state of self-consciousness that [‘object ar. d subject, be ing and knowledge, are identical'] and the reality of [‘the one life in us and abroad'] is experienced and affirmed and chaos is converted into z cosmos. What happens is that the Self or Spirit views itself in all objects which as objects are dead and finite.Coleridge's theory of creativeymagination is essentially grounded ir, ihis perception. Hence Coleridge's view of the . =lagination approximates to the ~riecvso l Schelling and Kant. Like Coleridge they recognise the interdependence of subject and object as complementary aspects of a single reality. Also they all agree about the self conceived 2s a totality: thought and feeling in their original identity and not as an abstraction. Thomas Steams Eliot (1888-1965) is probably the best known and most influential English poet of the twentieth century. His work as a critic is equally significant. l7. S.Eliot's critical output was quite diverse; he wrote theoretical piecesas well as stud~eso f particular authors. â€Å"Tradition and the Individual Talent† (1919) clearly expresses Eliot's concepts about poetry and the importance of tradition. Eliot emphasizes the need for critical thinking –â€Å"criticism is as inevitable as breathing†. He feels that it is unfortunate that the word â€Å"tradition† is mentioned only with pejorative implications, as when we call some poet â€Å"too traditional. † He questions the habit of praising a poet primarily for those elements in his work which are more individual and differentiate him Erom others. ccordingto T. S. Eliot, even the most â€Å"individual† parts of a poet's work may be those which are most alive with the influence of his poetic ancestors. Eliot stresses the objective and intellectual element. The whole of past literature will be â€Å"in the bones† of the poet with the true historical sense, † a feeling that the whole of the literature of Europe from Homer and within it the whole of the literiture of his own country has a simultaneous existence and composes a simultaneous order. † No poet has his complete meaning alone. For proper evaluation, you must set a poet, for contrast and comparison, among the dead poets.Eliot envisages a dynamic relationship between past and present writers. â€Å"The existing monuments form an ideal order amgng themselves, which is modified by the introduction of the new (the really new) work of art among them. † An artist can be judged only by the standards of thepast; this does not mean the standards of dead critics. It means a judgement when two things, the old and the new, are measured by each other. To some extent, this resembles Matthew Arnold's â€Å"touchstone† ; the â€Å"ideal order† formed by the â€Å"existing monuments† provide the standard, a land of touchstone, for evaluation.As with Arnold's touchstones, Eliot's ideal order is subjective and in need of modification from time to time. T. S. Eliot Eliot l ays stress on the artist knowing â€Å"the mind of Europe — the mind of his own country–a mind which he learns in time to be much more important than his own . private mind†. But he does not mean pedantic knowledge, he means a consciousness of the past, and some persons have a greater sensitivity to this historical awareness. As Eliot states, with epigrammatic brevity, â€Å"Some can absorb knowledge, the more tardy New Criticism must sweat for it. Shakespeare acquired more essential history from Plutarch than ost men could from the whole British Museum. † Throughout Eliot's poetry and criticism, we find this emphasis on the artist surrendering himself to some larger authority. His later political and religious writings too valorized authority. It is interesting that Eliot always worked within his own cultural space: religion meant Christianity, while literature, culture and history meant exclusively European literature, culture or history. Tradition, for Eliot, means an awareness of the history of Europe, not as dead facts but as a11 ever-changing yet changeless presence, constantly interacting subconsciously with the individual poet.He wants the poet to merge his personality with the tradition. â€Å"The progress of the artist is a continual self-sacrifice, a continual extinction of personality. † He suggests the analogy of the catalyst in a scientific laboratory for this process of depersonalization. The mind of the poet is a medium in which experiences can enter into new combinations. When oxygen and sulphur dioxide are mixed in the presence of a filament of platinum, they form sulphuric acid. This combination takes place only in the presence of platinum, which is the catalyst. But the sulphuric acid shows no trace of platinum, which remains unaffected.The catalyst facilitates the chemical change, but does not participate in it, and remains unchanged. Eliot compares the mind of the poet to the shred of platinum, which wil l â€Å"digest and transmute the. passions which are its material†. Eliot shifts the critical focus from the poet to the poetry, and declares, â€Å"Honest criticism and sensitive appreciation are directed not upon the poet but upon the poetry. † Eliot sees the poet's mind as â€Å"a receptacle for seizing and stonng up numberless feelings,phrases, images, which remain there until all the particles which can unite to form a new compound are present together. He says that concepts like â€Å"sublimity†, â€Å"greatness† or â€Å"intensity† of emotion are irrelevant. It is not the greatness of the emotion that matters, but the intensity of the artistic process, the pressure under which the artistic hsion takes place, that is important. In this way he rejects the Romantic emphasis on ‘genius' and the exceptional mind. Eliot refutes the idea that poetry is the expression of the personality of the poet. Experiences important for the man may have no place in his poems, and vice-versa. The emotions occasioned by events in the personal life of the poet are not important.What matters is the emotion transmuted into poetry, the feelings expressed in the poetry. â€Å"Emotions which he has never experienced will serve his turn as well as those familiar to him†. Eliot says that Wordsworth's formula is wrong. (Iam sure you would remember Wordsworth's comments on poetry in the Preface to the Lyrical Ballads: â€Å"Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling: it takes its origins from emotion recollected in tranquility. â€Å") For Eliot, poetryls not recollection of feeling, â€Å"it is a new thing resulting from the concentration of a very great number of experiences . . it is a concentration which does not happen consciously or of deliberation. † Eliot believes that â€Å"Poetry is not a turning loose of emotion, but an escape fiom emotion; it is not the expression of personality, but an escape from pers onality. † For him, the emotion of art is impersonal, and the artist can achieve this impersonality only by cultivating the historical sense, by belng conscious of the tradition It is now generally believed that Eliot's idea of tradition is rather narrow in two respects.First, he's talking of simply the poetic tradition and neglects the fact that even the poetic tradition is a complex amalgam of written and oral poetry and the elements that go into them. It was only in later writings that he realised the fact that in ibc making of verse many elements are involved. In his wntlngs on poetic drama he glves evidence of having broadened his scope. Second, Eliot is neglecting other traditions that go into social formations. When he iatrr wrote ‘Religion and Literature', he gives more scope to non-poebc elements of tradition. On these considerations one can say that he develops'his ideas on tradition T.S. Eliot throughout his literary career – right up to the time he wro te ‘Notes Towards a Definition of Culture' in which traditionis more expansive than in his earlier writings. Dissociation of sensibility is a literary term first used by T. S. Eliot in his essay â€Å"The Metaphysical Poets†[1] It refers to the way in which intellectual thought was separated from the experience of feeling in seventeenth century poetry. Eliot used the term to describe the manner by which the nature and substance of English poetry changed â€Å"between the time of Donne or Lord Herbert of Cherbury and the time of Tennyson and Browning. In this essay, Eliot attempts to define the metaphysical poet and in doing so to determine the metaphysical poet’s era as well as his discernible qualities. â€Å" We may express the difference by the following theory: The poets of the seventeenth century, the successors of the dramatists of the sixteenth, possessed a mechanism of sensibility which could devour any kind of experience. They are simple, artificial, d ifficult, or fantastic, as their predecessors were; no less nor more than Dante, Guido Cavalcanti, Guinicelli, or Cino.In the seventeenth century a dissociation of sensibility set in, from which we have never recovered; and this dissociation, as is natural, was aggravated by the influence of the two most powerful poets of the century, Milton and Dryden. † Theory of dissociation of sensibility The theory of dissociation of sensibility rests largely upon Eliot’s description of the disparity in style that exists between the metaphysical poets of the sixteenth and early seventeenth century and the poets of the late seventeenth century onward.In â€Å"The Metaphysical Poets,† [1] Eliot claims that the earlier grouping of poets were â€Å"constantly amalgamating disparate experience† and thus expressing their thoughts through the experience of feeling, while the later poets did not unite their thoughts with their emotive experiences and therefore expressed thoug ht separately from feeling. He explains that the dissociation of sensibility is the reason for the â€Å"difference between the intellectual and the reflective poet. † The earlier intellectual poet, Eliot writes, â€Å"possessed a mechanism of sensibility which could devour any kind of experience. When the dissociation of sensibility occurred, â€Å"[the] poets revolted against the ratiocinative, the descriptive; they thought and felt by fits, unbalanced; they reflected. † Thus dissociation of sensibility is the point at which and the manner by which this change in poetic method and style occurred; it is defined by Eliot as the loss of sensation united with thought. Eliot uses John Donne’s poetry as the most prominent example of united sensibility and thought. He writes, â€Å"[a] thought to Donne was an experience; it modified his sensibility. Eliot’s apparent appreciation of Donne’s ability to unify intellectual thought and the sensation of fee ling demonstrates that he believes dissociation of sensibility to be a hindrance in the progression of poetry. Eliot asserts that despite the progress of refined language, the separation between thought and emotion led to the end of an era of poetry that was â€Å"more mature† and that would â€Å"wear better† than the poetry that followed. Deconstruction Deconstruction has been variously presentehs a philosophical position, a political or intellectual stance or just simply as a strategy of reading.As students of literature and literary theory, we should be interested in its power as a mode of reading; therefore most of the points about Deconstruction in this Block will be made through instances of reading literature and philosophy. Let us begin here with a simple reading of Derrida describing a general strategy of Deconstruction: Every philosophical argument is structured in terms of oppositions and in this â€Å"traditional philosophical opposition we have not a pea ceful co-existence of facing terms but a violent hierarchy.One of the terms dominates the other (axiologically, logically etc. ), occupies the commanding position. To deconstruct the opposition is above all, at a particular moment to reverse the hierarchy†. Deconstruction, Derrida implies, looks upon a text as inherently riddled with hierarchical oppositions. A deconstructive reading uncovers not only these hierarchical oppositions but also shows that the superior term in the opposition can be seen as inferior. When we put together some other strategies of Deconstruction outlined in Derrida's writings, a working definition begins to emerge. To deconstruct a discourse is to show how it undermines the philosophy it asserts, or the hierarchical opposition on which it relies, by identifying in the text and then dismantling the rhetorical operations that produce the supposed ground of argument, the key concept or premise. † This explanation by Jonathan Culler is comprehensive . So, let us treat it as a companion to the description by Derrida cited above in order to advance our working idea of Deconstruction. Broadly speaking Derrida and Culler are making these points: 1. ‘ Deconstruction is a â€Å"searching out† or dismantling operation conducted on a discourse to show: . How the discourse itself undermines the argument (philosophy) it asserts. 3. One way of doing it is to see how the argument is structured/[email  protected], that is investigate its rhetorical status or argumentative strategy. As Derrida argues, this struchkis often the product of a hierarchy in which two opposed terms are presented as superior and inferior. Deconstruction then pulls the carpet from below the superior by showing the limited basis of its superiority and thus reverses the hierarchy, making the superior, inferior. 4. This reversed hierarchy is again open to the same deconstructive operadon.In a way, Deconstruction is a permanent act of destabilization. .So, Deconstruction points to a fallacy not in. the way the first or second hierarchy is constructed but in the very process of creating hierarchies in human thought (which as I have stated earlier, is indispensable to most if not all human arguments or thought. ). Deconstruction does not lead us from a faulty to a correct way of thinking I or writing. Rather it shows us the limitations of human thought operating through I language even while harboring the same limitations itself.Every deconstructive operation relies on the same principle it sets out to deconstruct and is thus open to deconstruction itself. Yet, Deconstruction is not simply about reversing hierarchieMough it is one of the I things a deconstructive analysis achieves. Fundamentally, it is a way of understanding the structure of a discourse, locating its controlling centre and identifying the unfounded assumptions on which it relies to function as a discourse. It may be compared to a probing operation that uncovers fault l ines in a discourse, which may include ideological assumptions and suppositions .

Analysis of the Text “the Time-Sweepers” by Ursula Wills-Jones

â€Å"The Time-Sweepers† By Ursula Wills-Jones The following short story is about time-sweepers and lost time. They are people who sweep up all the time that is lost or wasted. They are invisible, but sometimes they can be noticed. They carry a broom, a mop and a big dustpun. The time-sweepers are hard-working. They work every day and are never sick. The lost and wasted time is packed and recycled. But not every type of time can be recycled, the most poisoned time is buried in a tank underneath a disused army base. The rest of the time can be sold to the people who need it or distributed to good causes or emergency situations. The full text is built on the conflict between people who waste time and people who sweep up all the time that is lost and wasted. Ursula Wills-Jones idealizes the time-sweepers and ridicules people. The author uses the stylistic device of climax in order to describe different types of time wasting: the man who has waited so long to propose to his girlfriend; the woman who has spent thirty-five loathed years in an estate agents, dreaming of opening a florists. The author refers to the stylistic device of hyperbole in order to laugh at the people who waste time: the time-sweeper will pass straight by the desk of the woman who is reading a holiday catalogue under the desk, poring over photos of tropical beaches. They will pass by the next desk, where a man is enjoyably wondering what his mother-in-law looks like naked, and stop by the desk of the young man who is counting every minute, and loathing the hours. The author creates a constant presence of time sweepers. The reader feels that they are everywhere: in the railway station, in the office, at your desk. The time-sweepers are hard-working; they don’t like to rest because there is so mush wasted time after holidays: it takes them around three weeks to resume normal service†¦

Comparison and contrast between business systems in Japan and China Essay

Comparison and contrast between business systems in Japan and China - Essay Example Business systems refer to those processes that are adapted by a business entity, to generate and deliver goods and services to its customers (Willoughby, 1981 p24). This entails the organization of resources, information and workforce, to ensure that the business applies the right mechanisms to generate and deliver the desired commodities to its customers. Therefore, business systems will differ from one business to the other and from one country to the other, based on the nature of the business, the industry in which it is operating, and the nature f the customers that the business is serving. All these factors combined, and coupled with the business objectives and targets, determine the mechanisms of the delivery that a business entity will apply to meet its customer’s needs. The business systems applied in a certain country also depends on the economic systems, the social and cultural orientation of the society, as well as other external forces that play a role in influenci ng the running and management of a business (Chen, 2004 p33). Factors such as religion and cultures of a people determine the business systems applied in a given country. Therefore, this study seeks to compare and contrast business systems applied in Japan and China, with a focus on understanding the factors behind their similarities and/or differences. Comparison between business systems in Japan and China There is a great similarity between the Chinese and the Japanese business systems. The business systems for these countries are centered on cultural values, where delivering value to the people is the key for business systems in both countries (Liao, 2009 p15). Both countries have the collectivist business culture, where there is a great deal of integration between the business and the family systems applied in the running and managing business. Thus, for both countries, businesses are focused on improving the family values, which are the core and origin of the business concepts. Thus, to deliver value to their customers, the business systems of the two countries are organized on networking as the fundamental principle of earning trust and developing business interactions, with the main goal of carving large market share for the businesses (Chen, 2004 p37). Earned trust is therefore a core value for the business systems in both Japan and China, which acts as the source of business targets and future prospects. It therefore follows that information sharing between businesses, which have established the principle of earned trust, plays a great role in enhancing business connectivity and partnerships. Considering the nature of the business environment in the two countries, where there lacks proper business institutionalized protections, survival and prosperity is only achieved through the principle of earned trust shared between businesses, which has its roots in the cultural and family value systems (Gordon, 2012 p223). Another comparison in the business syst ems between Japan and China is identifiable in state intervention (Wei, 2002 p27). The state plays a very pivotal role in enhancing the environment for business in both China and Japan. The state has maintained a direct involvement in the running of business, through state laws and regulations that guide the running of businesses in these countries. The states have provided policy guidelines that have seen both countries center their focus on the provision of value to their customers, an aspect that has enabled both the Chinese and Japanese businesses to operate successfully outside their domestic confinements (Hefner, 1998 p60). Through state regulation of business value systems, both countries have excelled in international trade, both

How EICC Coroporte Social Responsibility Measureble and Sustainable Essay

How EICC Coroporte Social Responsibility Measureble and Sustainable - Essay Example Code of Conduct in EICC The Code of Conduct of people employed in companies under the umbrella of EICC came into form focusing mainly on three specific areas. Firstly it worked in helping create a safer and transparent work atmosphere in the companies. Secondly it enhanced the responsibility parameter of the people in regards to environment and society. Thirdly the Code of Conducts helps in motivating the people to develop on their business skills and thus enhance productivity. Companies desiring to adopt the Code of Conduct for EICC are required to firstly identify interest in the people and thereby raise commitment in them to follow such codes in their actions. Thus training of the staffs by the management body while keeping an eye on the changing guidelines in the EICC Codes of Conduct also constitutes an integral part of their actions (EICC, â€Å"EICC Code†). EICC Implementation and sustenance of CSR Principles in Western Digital (Thailand) Company Limited Western Digital is a California based company that works in the generation of products and services for those companies that work on the collection, management and employment of large amount of digital databases. The company earns expertise in the production of hard disks for easy storage and use of data. Thailand is considered as the company’s largest manufacturing center employing around 30,000 people committed to render quality in products and services (Western Digital, â€Å"Welcome to Western Digital†). Western Digital a continuing member of EICC vehemently supports the Code of Conduct guidelines laid down by the body in regards to the monitoring the actions of its supply chain groups in fulfilling economic, social and environmental goals (Western Digital, â€Å"Corporate Social Responsibility Report 2011†, 19). Preliminary Literature Review Relevancy and Scope of the EICC Codes of Conduct for Corporate Social Responsibility FIAS (2007) observes that the EICC Codes of Con duct in regards to the sector of Corporate Social Responsibility operates along parameters like employment conditions of the people pertaining to compensation schemes and other employment policies relating to discrimination and employment of children. Again the Codes of Conduct also focus on sustaining and enhancing the health and safety paradigms of the workplace. Along with focusing on enhancing the betterment of work conditions for the people the codes of conduct also laid stress on the meeting of environmental guidelines by the company. Finally the Codes of Conduct laid down by EICC tends to evaluate whether the management of the company has taken significant steps in training the people in effective understanding and fulfillment of the relevant guidelines. Herein the EICC Codes of Conduct tends to enhance the accountability of the management to fulfill the relevant guidelines by identifying the task holder groups. Moreover the Codes of Conduct also require auditing to be done o f the operational process of the enterprise in regards to the operational standards and guidelines as reflected and documented by EICC. Training rendered to the people for the adequate fulfillment of the EICC Codes of Conduct needs to draw potential feedbacks from the respondents so as to firstly assess the interest of the

Financial reporting analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Financial reporting analysis - Essay Example Under this ratio, a business’s efficiency to use its material and labour is analysed with the residue of the revenue and the costs reflecting the gross profit. Net Profit Margin: This ratio is almost similar to the Gross Profit ratio with a further extension of scrutinising the administration and other selling costs – resulting in the net profit for an organisation. The ratio displays the net profit of a company as a percentage of its revenue. Return on Capital Employed: This is an important measure of evaluating a company’s profitability. It measures the efficiency of a firm towards utilising the funds invested in it (Fridson & Alvarez, 2002). Liquidity Ratios evaluate a company’s ability to pay off its debts as soon as they fall due. These ratios are used to analyse a company’s ability to continue its operation in the long run. Bankruptcy is one major issue that is highlighted while analysing the liquidity ratios. There are two main types of liquidity ratios: Current Ratio: This ratio assesses a company’s ability to pay off its short term liabilities with its current assets. Usually the benchmark is to have twice the amount of current assets as compared to the current liabilities but this varies within different industries. Quick Ratio: Quick ratio analyses a company’s ability to pay off its current liabilities with its most liquid assets i.e. excluding costs – which takes time to convert into cash. The usual standard is to keep a 1:1 ratio (Helfert, 1997). The Gearing or the leverage ratios give an insight to the risk faced by an investor within a company. This risk is usually affiliated with the financing of the company whereby a firm which is highly financed via debt is considered to be a risky venture for potential investors. Since both Essakane plc and Westwood plc are not hugely affected with any major debt financing issues, the gearing ratios for the company may not be analysed. Market value ratios

Department of Political Economy _MA Public Policy _The Third Sector Essay

Department of Political Economy _MA Public Policy _The Third Sector and Public Policy - Essay Example Introduction Social, economical, and political spheres are critical in the wellbeing of society. These three spheres are inextricably linked, that is, the functioning of one sphere greatly relies on that of the other. Generally, public policies are shaped by economical, political, and social actions. The third sectors are critical in public policy as they integrate a wide range of institutions (governmental and non- governmental) into attaining set public policy objectives. Social capital is greatly considered as one of the key ingredients of the Third Sector and public policy (Coleman, 1988, p. 95). It is against this background that it is important to discuss what the term â€Å"social capital† means and its importance to public services. The term â€Å"social capital† has increasingly become the lexicon of everyday language; the term is gaining increasing popularity in public policy even though it is relatively new concept in the field of public policy. The term â₠¬Å"social capital† is defined in a number of ways. Even though there are different definitions to the term, there are certain aspects that create a point of convergence among all the users of the term. The users of this term agree that any definition of â€Å"social capital† should include some if not all of the following aspects: connection between individuals; clear distinction between economical and social capital; presence of contradictory and different social processes; involvement of reciprocity and trust principles; non- monetary forms of power and influence; and focus on positive aspects of social life (Portes, 1998, p. 8-9). So, how is â€Å"social capital† defined? According to the World Bank (1999), social capital encompasses norms, institutions, and relationships that shape the quantity and quality of interactions within the society. It implies that social capital is not simply the sum of institutions, norms and interactions that underpin the society, but rather they act as glue that holds the society together. Also, social capital is defined as the connections among individuals, norms of trustworthiness and reciprocity and social networks that arise from connections among individuals (Putnam 2000, p. 19). From this definition, it can be deduced that social capital requires that civic virtue be embedded in the reciprocal social relations. This is because a society needs connected and virtuous individuals for it to be considered rich in social capital. (Bourdieu 1983, p. 249) defines social capital as the aggregate of the potential or actual resources, which are connected to possession of a long-lasting network of institutionalized relationships of mutual recognition and acquaintance. From the above definitions, it is evidently clear that the term â€Å"social capital† cannot be defined entirely in a single definition that can cover all the aspects. The definition of this term seems to stem from a basic concern of explorin g processes of ensuring that there is equal access to resources, differentiation of power, and diminishing the essence of creation of elites and class formation. In most cases, the term â€Å"social capital† is defined against the term â€Å"economic capital†. Actually, there is a belief among many proponents of social capital that the concept seeks to correct the â€Å"wrongs† created by economic capital in the society (Alcock, 2010, p.

Global HRM Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Global HRM - Assignment Example Hofstedes, Trompenaars, and the globe models cross-cultural dimensions had an impact on human resource management. The primary focus of these three dimensions was on human thinking, behavior of organizations in predictable situations, and feeling and acting. Although each dimension had something particular to point out, it affected HRM. One of the implications was that HRM should not consider people as groups but as individuals because in as many as people are in a group they are different. Another implication was that the predictable way might not turn out as expected. It is usually advisable to have a backup plan in case the first idea does not go through. The HRM should also have a clearly defined time frame. It can either be on short term or long term or inner versus outer time. It makes managing duty simpler because they are well classified. The other issue was to define societies in relation to their gender and uncertainties. It is also advisable for HRM to understand that ther e could be different many uncertainties, and that things do not always go through as planned (Cullen& Parboteeah,

Pathopharmacology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Pathopharmacology - Essay Example There are left-ventricular, right-ventricular, acute, and chronic heart failures. An estimated 70 percent of the patient populations have been found to have systolic heart failure (Mann, 2010). Additionally, the most common etiology of the systolic heart failure is ischemic heart disease. The pure diastolic heart failure may be caused by hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and both hypertrophic and restrictive cardiomyopathies. Clinical manifestation of heart failure include weight gain, dyspnea, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, peripheral edema, JVD, tachycardia, hepatosplenomegaly, ascites, fatigue, weakness, nausea, poor appetite, renal hypoperfusion, and chachexia. Neurohormonal responses to heart failure are adaptive at first, and then become deleterious when they are sustained. Modern treatment of heart failure is based on neurohormonal modulation. (Steimle, 2007) Management of heart failure is a very complex issue that is why heart failure care needs to be delivered in a multi-professional manner. Although the standard of practise of managing heart failure has some consensus among healthcare providers, I based my heart failure disease management on the clinical guidelines that I developed at my organization. Using the clinical guidelines I was able to identify, summarize, and evaluate the highest quality evidence and most current data about prevention, diagnose, prognoses, and provide therapy including medications and cost-effectiveness. Using my clinical guidelines that I developed in the place I worked, I noted that there are four stages in the heart failure development namely stage A, B, C, and D. According to McDonagh et al. (2011), those patients who are in stage A and B usually do not have heart failure. However, they have risk factors that predispose them towards heart failure development. Patients in stage C comprise of those people with current or past

Running my own Multinational Corporation Research Paper

Running my own Multinational Corporation - Research Paper Example For selling the product in the UK market, the company will enter into arrangements and agreements with the local retailers in the UK, particularly in the major cities. The retailers which will be considered for distribution and sales of the product will include Tesco PLC, Sainsbury’s PLC, Morrison’s PLC, ASDA PLC and other retailers. Keeping in view the fact that the consumption of alcoholic beverages in the UK and its supply has shown consistent growth, it can be therefore expected that the consumers in the UK will buy this product. As per the information provided by the World Health Organization, there has been a steady increase in the consumption of Beer during the past 45 years (45 years include years from 1961 to 2006). In addition to this, since the company will enter into arrangements with local retailers and distributors in the UK for the sale of products, there will be no need to hire labor or acquire specific supplies for any other purpose. The company, Oceana Beverages Incorporation, will dispatch its products directly to retailers at specified city destinations. The retailers will then take charge of the good upon delivery and will be responsible for handling and selling the products through their respective retail outlets. As far as the manufacturing of the product is concerned, 100 percent manufacturing will be carried out within the United States at the production facility of Oceana Beverages Incorporation. In addition, packaging for both local and export deliveries will also be done by the packaging unit of the company. In this way, all expenses related to the production of Seven Star Wine will be incurred in US Dollar only. There are numerous factors which may have an impact on the balance of trade between the United States and the United Kingdom. These factors, in relation to the business of Oceana Beverages Incorporation, mainly include the cost of production in the US as compared to UK, costs associated with raw materials and other

Trying to Understand Catch 22 by Joseph Heller Essay Example for Free

Trying to Understand Catch 22 by Joseph Heller Essay Catch 22 is a satirical war novel that was written in the 1950’s, but was published in 1961. Joseph Heller, the American author, was known for his novels to represent a comic vision of modern society with serious moral connections. His major theme throughout his writing is the conflict that occurs when individuals interact with such powerful institutions, such as: corporations, the military, and the government. Catch 22 was written in the post modernism era of the literature timeline. In the 1950’s, the Korean War was beginning, World War II ended, and Castro became the dictator of Cuba. All of these events had an influence on Heller as he was writing this novel about the WWII bombardier, Yossarian, and his struggle to stay sane with bombs bursting all around him. Chapter 1: The Texan * Summary: Yossarian is hiding from the war in a hospital ward with a â€Å"liver disease† when he meets Dunbar, the bigoted Texan, and the soldier in white. * The Texan: an obnoxious patient that annoys all the patients in the ward and talks to the soldier in white all the time. * â€Å"You fellas are crazy† (Heller 11) Chapter 2: Clevinger * Summary: Yossarian is paranoid about the crazy people in the camp: Havermeyer, McWatt, Orr, and Nately; but, Clevinger insists Yossarian is the crazy one and Doc Daneeka cannot and will not release him because Cathcart raised the missions yet again. * Clevinger: An ingenious Harvard graduate who is the first to call Yossarian crazy. He is picked on in cadet training by lieutenant Scheisskopf, who brings him up on contrived charges before the action board. He is presumed dead when his plane crashes. * â€Å"Who’s they?.. Who, specifically, do you think is trying to murder you?† (Heller 17) Chapter 3: Havermeyer * Summary: Yossarian is accompanied by a dead soldier in his tent (Mudd), Orr, and Hungry Joe who are driving him crazy, but Doc Daneeka still refuses to diagnose Yossarian as crazy in order to send him home; telling him he needs be more like Havermeyer. * Havermeyer: The best bombardier in the whole squadron. He loves peanut brittle, never misses a target, and never takes evasive action. Doc Daneeka told Yossarian to become more like Havermeyer. * â€Å" Chapter 4: Doc Daneeka * Summary: Yossarian argues with Hungry Joe, trying to explain that he is the crazy one, when Doc Daneeka begins to ponder why he of all the doctors was forced to deal with these babbling buffoons. * Doc Daneeka: A flight surgeon who resents his position and is bitter about the war taking away his practice in the states. Doc Daneeka is the one who explains catch 22. He is afraid to fly, so has McWatt sign his name. McWatt’s plane crashed, and people believed he was dead. * â€Å"I’m not on the plane.† (Heller 339) Chapter 5: Chief White Halfoat * Summary: Doc Daneeka was yearning for his practice back home and explains to Yossarian that catch 22 prevents him from grounding him when Chief White Halfoat enters the tent to begin telling stories of before the war; expressing his hate for the white men that kicked him and his family from home to home because of the unearthing of oil. * Chief White Halfoat: A Native American chief is the intelligence officer. He despises white men for kicking him off his home settlements and claims he will die of pneumonia, and he jokingly says he will slit his throat. Chapter 6: Hungry Joe * Summary: Hungry Joe had his way with the prostitutes in Rome, had flown the most missions in the in the whole squadron, and had horrible nightmares resulting with bone chilling screams, but Doc Daneeka, despite Yossarian’s despondent pleas, could not even declare Hungry Joe as crazy thanks to catch 22. * Hungry Joe: Hungry Joe is the soldier with the most missions flown in the entire squadron, but his orders to return home never come. He has horrible nightmares that cause him to scream in horror, however, he is very good with the whores in Rome. He dies one night in his sleep because Huple’s cat suffocated him. Chapter 7: McWatt * Summary: McWatt is Yossarian’s pilot whose bed sheet was stolen by Milo Minderbender, the new mess officer that is involved in black market deals and Yossarian becomes his new friend that he confides in about these actions. * McWatt: McWatt is a cheerful pilot who often flies Yossarian’s planes, but he likes to joke around a lot, such as buzzing the beaches. One day sliced Kid Sampson in half, and flew into a mountain immediately afterwards. Chapter 8: Lieutenant Scheisskopf * Summary: Yossarian has an affair with Lieutenant Scheisskopf’s wife, but he is too obsessed with trying to beat Clevinger in the weekly parades and finally wins two years in a row; ending Scheisskopf’s precious parades. * Lieutenant Scheisskopf: Lieutenant Scheisskopf was the colonel that trained Yossarian’s squadron in America and is fascinated with the military parades, and later on, he is promoted to general due to a misunderstanding of memos by General Peckem. Chapter 9: Major Major Major Major * Summary: Major is a man who was promoted to squadron commander, but rather than helping his reputation, it made him resort to being a recluse; until Yossarian tackled him in the woods. * Major Major: Major Major is very shy, awkward, and submissive. He resembles Henry Fonda and was promoted to squadron commander, which made the soldiers loathe him, causing him to become reclusive and distancing himself from the others. Chapter 10: Wintergreen * Summary: Yossarian tells ex-P.F.C. Wintergreen, a loser forced to dig punishment holes for going AWOL, about Clevenger’s disappearance, and Dr. Stubbs snickers at the fact everyone sees Yossarian as crazy because he may be the last one in the camp that is sane. * Wintergreen: Ex- P.F.C. Wintergreen was a mail clerk at the Air Force Headquarters, but Wintergreen refuses to go to work; resulting in his rank being stripped and digging punishment hole. Chapter 11: Captain Black * Summary: Major Major was chosen as the new squadron commander over Captain Black, and Captain Black created the Glorious Loyalty Oath Crusade to make all the men miserable until Major de Coverley returns and puts an end to the crusade. * Captain Black: Captain Black is the squadron’s intelligence officer, but he longs to become the squadron commander. He adores watching his men suffer and taunts them just to be a jerk. Chapter 12: Bologna * Summary: Yossarian moves the bomb line on the map over night to avoid the mission to Bologna and results with General Peckem receiving a medal, the men getting drunk, stealing a car, and Clevenger returning back to the camp; fussing at the men when the stolen car flips. Chapter 13: Major de Coverley * Summary: Major de Coverley rents apartments for all the enlisted men and officers to retreat to when on leave and has a transparent eye patch, but Yossarian’s team that went to bomb the bridge in Bologna all missed their target; resulting in a second trip that has to be covered up. * Major de Coverley: Everyone idolizes and fears Major de Coverly. He also rents apartments for men on their rest leaves. Chapter 14: Kid Sampson * Summary: Yossarian ordered Kid Sampson to turn the plane around in Bologna because of a â€Å"defective intercom,† and when they return safely back to base, Yossarian sneaks away to the beach for a nap when he realizes that the planes that were his companions left once more. * Kid Sampson: Kid Sampson was a pilot in Yossarian’s squadron. He was sliced in half on the beach as a result of McWatt’s reckless flying. Chapter 15: Piltchard and Wren * Summary: Following Captains Piltchard and Wren request that no one decides to leave the mission for no reason, Yossarian begins to panic over Bologna because of the flack and tells McWatt to drop the bomb and leave as fast as he could when he noticed his fellow planes were missing, but when he returned home, he finds missing his comrades, begins to feel relieved, and leaves to Rome to find Luciana. * Piltchard and Wren: Captain Piltchard and Captain Wren are the joint squadron operation officers. They love to fly missions. Chapter 16: Luciana * Summary: Luciana was a whore in Rome that mooched off of Yossarian, a man jealous of the women magnet, Aarfy, and Coronel Cathcart raised the missions again to 40. * Luciana: A beautiful young girl that lives in Rome. She and Yossarian have an affair, and he impulsively asks her to marry him. Instead of saying yes, she gives him her address, and Yossarian rips it up and regrets it later. * â€Å"You don’t want to sleep with me?† (Heller 154) Chapter 17: The Soldier in White * Summary: Yossarian returns to the hospital once again to seek a safe haven from the brutality of the war when he encounters the soldier in white, a helpless body encased in white gauze, but Dunbar, maddened by malaria, creates a ruckus about the sheathed soldier. * The Soldier in White: The soldier in white is a broken soldier who is encased in a full body cast. The nurses must do everything for him, and Dunbar makes a huge commotion over him. Chapter 18: The Soldier Who Saw Everything * Summary: The hospital staff are irritated because there is nothing wrong with Yossarian because he is faking his liver condition, but one day another soldier claims he is seeing doubles; giving Yossarian the idea to copy his illness. Chapter 19: Coronel Cathcart * Summary: Colonel Cathcart will do anything to become general and wants to be famous (mentioned in newspaper), so he calls in the chaplain to â€Å"pray† without bringing religion into the act to make him famous. The chaplain tells Coronel Cathcart the missions are beginning to reach a ridiculous height. * Colonel Cathcart: Coronal Cathcart is the commanding colonel who yearns to be general. Colonel Cathcart is the main antagonist of the novel because he volunteers his men for dangerous missions and constantly raises the number of missions needed to be dismissed. * â€Å"He’s the best damned bombardier we’ve got.† (Heller 29) Chapter 20: Corporal Whitcomb * Summary: Corporal Whitcomb talked to a CID man, who was investigating the big â€Å"Washington Irving† scandal, and blames the chaplain of signing â€Å"Washington Irving† on some of the censored letters and documents and stealing Coronel Cathcart’s plum tomato. * Corporal Whitcomb: Corporal Whitcomb it the chaplain’s assistant, and he is later promoted to sergeant. He blames the chaplain for being a roadblock in his career, and tells the CID men that the chaplain was the one signing â€Å"Washington Irving† and who stole Colonel Cathcart’s plume tomato. * â€Å"I threw it away as soon as I tore it open and read it.† (Heller 275) Chapter 21: General Dreedle * Summary: General Dreedle has no tolerance for Yossarian or his son-in-law; however, he does have his own nurse that the men always stare at; irritating General Dreedle. * General Dreedle: General Dreedle is in charge of the wing containing Yossarian’s squadron. General Peckem is always trying to over throw General Dreedle; annoying him tremendously. Chapter 22: Milo the Mayor * Summary: Milo became the mayor of Palermo because he managed to manipulate the economy of Palermo to put them on the map along with Malta, Oran, and Cairo; and, Milo puts Yossarian to work hauling bananas, another of his black market crops. Chapter 23: Nately’s Old Man * Summary: The nasty old man in Rome is the same man who threw the puncturing rose Major de Coverley’s eye, and he believes Italy will triumph over America and Nately argues about his political values. Nately realizes his whore is missing. * Old Man: This old man is a very disgusting old man in Rome. He is the man responsible for throwing the rose that abolished Major de Coverley’s eye. He does not side with the Americans at all, and believes the Italians will be triumphant. This old man is an important character because he is the one who argues with Nately about political beliefs. Chapter 24: Milo * Summary: Milo is so blinded by his want for profit that he will do anything for a profit, such as selling his surplus of Egyptian cotton to the U. S. like Yossarian had suggested. * Milo Minderbinder: Milo is the mess hall officer who creates a colossal black market scandal to bring in vast amounts of profits. He is so successful in dealing with other countries even, that he was elected to several public offices within the countries he dealt with. Milo desires his profit so much that he even makes a deal with the Germans to bomb his own unit for profit. * â€Å"In a democracy, the government is the people.† (Heller 259) Chapter 25: The Chaplain * Summary: The chaplain is a massive pushover that will not stand up for himself and is â€Å"unimportant† to the new Sergeant Whitcomb. * Chaplain A. T. Tappman: Anabaptist minister who is shy and pushed arpund by almost all the officials and even Whitcomb, his assistant. He changes from the beginning on the novel when he is super shy never say anything to the end of the novel when he tells Coronel Cathcart the number of missions are too high and the burst of confidence he received from Yossarian leaving to Sweden. Chapter 26: Aarfy * Summary: Aarfy was on the plane with Yossarian and simply watched Yossarian bleed due to the shot in his thigh rather than helping, but McWatt rushed to help the bleeding captain. * Aarfy: Captain Aardvark is Captain Yossarian’s navigator, however, he has no sense of direction. Aarfy is completely oblivious to the calls of his flight crew for help when Yossarian wounded his leg. He is an ex-fraternity boy who brags about not having to pay for the sex given from the whores in Rome. * â€Å"I don’t think we’re at the target yet. Are we?† (Heller 30) Chapter 27: Nurse Duckett * Summary: Yossarian and Dunbar harass Nurse Duckett and are fussed at, resulting in them being forced to talk to the psychiatrist, Major Sanderson; Yossarian making up diseases as they talk. * Nurse Duckett: Nurse Duckett is a nurse at the hospital Yossarian is staying. She is the â€Å"love of Yossarian’s life† after they have an affair, but she quickly tells Yossarian that she is going to marry a doctor. Chapter 28: Dobbs * Summary: Dobbs created a big scheme to assassinate Coronel Cathcart due to the ridiculous mission requirements rising, but he changes his mind. Orr’s plane went down over the sea on the way to Bologna, faking his death, but his crew and he actually swam safely to shore and escaped to Sweden. * Dobbs: Dobbs was Yossarian’s co-pilot. He is the one who took control of the plane for Huple on the way to Avignon. Chapter 29: Peckem * Summary: General Peckem and Scheisskopf do not get along, but all the men, McWatt, Dunbar, Major Danby, and others, agree that bombing the small mountain town is very vindictive act to do, but Coronel Korn disagrees. * General Peckem: General Peckem is the special operations general who is constantly trying to figure out how to over throw General Dreedle. He finally over throws him, but Lieutenant Scheisskopf is promoted rather than Peckem. Chapter 30: Dunbar * Summary: Dunbar has become crazy from staying in the hospital for so long; falling on his face every morning. Yossarian did not mind McWatt as his pilot, but his foolish act of buzzing the beach sliced Kid Sampson in half. McWatt immediately flew his plane into a nearby mountain; killing himself. * Dunbar: Dunbar is one of Yossarian’s good friends who always manages to cause a scene. He is taken by officials and mysteriously â€Å"disappeared.† Chapter 31: Mrs. Daneeka * Summary: Doc Daneeka was pronounced dead when the plane he was supposed to be on crashed, but despite the fact the squadron knew he was still alive, they sent a letter of condolence to Mrs. Daneeka. Doc Daneeka fought this and sent letters to his wife telling her he was fine, but she loved the money she was receiving for his death more than him; leaving Doc Daneeka unloved and invisible to the men in the squadron. Chapter 32: Yo- Yo’s Roomies * Summary: All of Yossarian’s comrades are either dead or missing, so they are being replaced with new people that are obnoxious and unbearable. Chapter 33: Nately’s Whore * Summary: Yossarian and Nately finally found Nately’s missing whore and convinced the American coronel she was with to give her back, but when Nately brought her home and took care of her, she told him she did not want to stop hustling. * Nately’s Whore: Nately’s whore is a whore that lives in Rome with her little sister in the apartments, but Nately has fallen madly in love with her. She does not like the fact that he tries to control her life; however, when she was heard about Nately’s death from Yossarian, she became vindictive, chasing him around trying to kill him. Chapter 34: Thanksgiving * Summary: The new men in the squadron act recklessly, shooting guns and stabbing each other, but when they wake Yossarian, he goes crazy, badly injured and hospitalized Nately, who was trying to hold him back. Chapter 35: Milo the Militant * Summary: Nately wants to fly more missions so he can be closer to his beloved whore (Yossarian advises him not to volunteer), but Yossarian and Nately were both forced to go on that last mission. There was so much flak, ground fire, that Havermeyer took evasive action, but it was too late; Nately was dead. Chapter 36: The Cellar * Summary: The chaplain was accused of false crimes and took a writing test to prove he was innocent, but they said the test was wrong and he faked his handwriting; leaving the chaplain out of work. Chapter 37: General Scheisskopf * Summary: Peckem believed he was going to fill in as general for Dreedle, but it was discovered that General Scheisskopf was now the heading officer. Chapter 38: Kid Sister * Summary: Yossarian was sent to Rome to relax when he saw Nately’s whore and told her about his death. The whore and her little sister tried killing him and even stalked Yossarian back to Pianosa. * Michela: â€Å"Kid Sister† was Nately’s whore’s twelve year old sister. She constantly imitates her big sister, and follows her everywhere. Chapter 39: The Eternal City * Summary: Yossarian returns to Rome with Milo when they realize the city is in total ruins. Yossarian saw police brutality and drunks all throughout the city, when he saw the 12 year old Michela’s limp body in the street. Yossarian went into the apartment, where Aarfy has raped the young girl and threw her through a window, to tell him he will be arrested for murder, but Yossarian was the one who was arrested, brought back to Coronel Korn, and is told â€Å"go home.† Chapter 40: Catch 22 * Summary: General Scheisskopf and Peckem agreed to send Yossarian home as long as he talked gallantly of them or he would be court marshaled and arrested. Nately’s whore wanted to throw all of her anger at Yossarian, so she took out her wrath by stabbing him when he left the conference. Chapter 41: Snowden * Summary: Yossarian is in surgery, but afterwards he speaks with the chaplain to learn that Hungry Joe had died in his sleep and this begins to trigger the memories of Snowden’s fatal death and his attempt to try and mend his wounded leg, but he gets a lap full of his guts. * Snowden: Snowden was a gunner on the Avignon mission. His death haunts Yossarian throughout the entire novel because it was much worse than he thought it was; spilling guts everywhere. His death killed Yossarian’s courage and gave him a taste of what war really is. Chapter 42: Yossarian * Summary: Major Danby explains the deal is coming along nicely, but Yossarian is going to run away because he had realized that Orr had faked his death to escape the war, as Yossarian does by fleeing to Sweden with Orr. * Yossarian: Yossarian is the novel’s protagonist and hero. He is a captain in the Air Force and a lead bombardier in his squadron, but he hates the war. He believes that everyone is out to kill him, including his own squadron. He is haunted by Snowden’s death. The settings play a major role in all the madness within this novel as well. The two main settings are Pianosa, an island off the coast of Italy, and Rome, Italy in 1944. Joseph Heller could have created any size island he wanted, but he chose to put all of this action on a tiny island. Pianosa is a fictional island that is very small because the size of the island contradicts the large amount of action going on in the novel. Located on the island of Pianosa is the squadron’s base camp, where a lot of the trouble is started. Another major setting in this novel is the air. The planes were always in the air for a mission, and the air is where all the bombs were. Also, the soldiers would often take leave and go to Rome and stay in apartments with the whores. Rome was normal looking until one day Yossarian and Milo go to Rome and it is all in ruins. This time period was 1944, during World War II. The time sequences between all these settings are very disjointed. In the beginning of the novel Yossarian is faking a liver disease when he begins to have flashbacks to Snowden’s death, and the novel jumps before Snowden’s death to after Snowden’s death throughout the whole novel. The time frame of the events going on are at the end of WWII and in the summer of 1944- the winter of 1944 and a flash back to 1942. The main conflict that is tossed throughout the entire book is Catch 22 itself. Within several of the chapters, a catch 22 will appear. The main catch is that of Catch 22. It seemed as though it was Yossarian against the military. Every time Yossarian finds a loop hole, his commanding officers would just tell him to go back to his missions. Yossarian just could not win. When Yossarian was in the hospital with his â€Å"liver disease†, he was forced to go back out to the missions again. He cannot win. Many people cannot stand Yossarian and want him dead. His other main conflict is that it is everyone else against him. These two conflicts intertwine because Yossarian is still fighting for something. Without his life, the military would not have anything to control, so Yossarian’s conflicts go together because without one, the other would not happened. The two climaxes in the novel happen simultaneously. The first occurs when Yossarian is offered a choice: he can either face a court martial or be sent home and talk good about his commanding officers. The second climax, however, occurs as Yossarian has his final flashback about Snowden’s death in which all details are revealed. Yossarian has had a rough life in the military and absolutely hated it with everything he had. The worst experience he has had was the gruesome death of his comrade, Snowden.

Buying Modern Gadgets And Technology

Buying Modern Gadgets And Technology Modern gadgets can be found all across the world nowadays. With technology progressing in leaps and bounds, people are now able to witness the growing number of impeccable tech gadgets. As people are having more money in their hands, they have started using a chunk of the amount on purchasing the modern gadgets. Some people are addicted to the gadgets and keep a constant track of what is happening in the area. For them it is important to catch hold of the latest gadget once they hit the market. However everyone should remember that these gadgets are unpredictable. Hence a lot of research work should be done before buying the gadget you want to. The first and the foremost thing which one should remember is to decide which gadget they actually want to purchase. It is not possible for you to buy a lot of gadgets at a single point of time. You should decide which one you require during that very time and start researching about the item accordingly. Then you face the bigger question of budget allocation. You should have a rough estimate of how much money you can spend on that particular gadget. Affordability is a big issue and you should be clear about the money you have in hand to spend on the gadget. The decision of your budget helps in narrowing down the models which fall under the purview of your budget. Every gadget has a number of models which are segregated as high-end, medium end and low end models. You should research on the various models which fall within your budget and know more about their performances in order to get an idea about the performance for value ratio. Deciding on these factors will help you in determining which model will be the most suitable for your requirements as well as budget. We should also consider the several added features which generally come with a gadget. It is important for you to decide whether you want those features or not. http://iaavc.org/ Advantages Of Visual Communication There are a few ways in which people interact with each other. They can be differentiated as written communication, verbal communication or audio communication and visual communication. In some cases all the forms of communication or a couple of them work in tandem. All the forms of communication, even individually are extremely valuable. However there are some scenarios in which you need visual aid to make the interaction more meaningful. Visual communication helps you in explaining yourself in a better manner and its proper usage can add value to a presentation. In visual communication, people can see each other while interacting. The several gestures, movements of the person can add a whole new dimension to the communication process. The words which are being used during the process become more powerful. The gestures also help you in understanding what the other person wants to portray in a much better way. In some cases it has been seen just because people are not able to see each other while communicating, an entirely new meaning comes out of the conversation. The idea which was supposed to come out of the interaction gains an entirely different meaning and the communication becomes null and void. Your speaking performance can be enhanced with the orchestrated gestures and facial expressions. Eye contact with your audience or your fellow speaker and any other such movements add to the meaning of the sentences which you speak. People find it much more impressive and easier to understand. Hence in such cases coming out with a wrong meaning out of the communication process becomes negligible. Visual communication also lets you know whether the interaction is going in the correct way and whether you are able to retain the interest of the other person. The bodily expressions and movements of the person on the other side help you in deciding what you can do to enhance the communication process in a more fruitful way. http://www.hillary2000.org/ Women And Politics In old times, politics was considered the domain of only men. They were the ones who took control of political affairs of the state and the country. However with changing times, the scenario has also changed dramatically. Nowadays women are actively participating in politics and the other affairs of the state. Women are now playing leading and pivotal roles in the politics of their countries. Previously women were considered docile for a career in something as harsh as politics. However they are now increasingly showing their capabilities in handling the various difficult situations which are present only in politics. Women are now facing the different challenges meted out to them in politics and proving themselves as able leaders. As the age old culture kept on suppressing the rights of women, their abilities never came to the forefront. Now there are a large number of women politicians who have proved their mettle in the political arena. One of the leaders who have played a pivotal role in the politics of her country is Margaret Thatcher of Britain. She worked hard towards the growth and development of her country and proved herself as an able leader time and again. She exerted her political prowess for a long time in the British as well as world politics. Eleanor Roosevelt also played a crucial role in the political sphere of USA. She was a staunch supporter of the American Civil Rights Movement and worked extremely hard for the cause. Indira Gandhi, the only woman Prime Minister of India till date was a strong woman with political lineage. She was the first ever women to lead a democratic country in the entire world. Though her leadership was marked with several controversies, yet she is till now considered one of the finest leaders India has ever produced. In recent times we can see Senator Hilary Clinton of USA playing a crucial role in the politics of the country. http://www.healingresource.org/ Preventing Drug Addiction Drug addiction is something which not only ruins the life of the addict but also the people closely associated with the person. A drug addict generally does not have any control over his affairs. Once he becomes an addict he cannot control anything in his life, right from his career to his finances. A lot of money is naturally spent on getting the drugs as the addict cannot stay without drugs even for a single day. The uncontrolled wastage of money takes a toll on the finances of the entire family. A drug addict does not have any other vision or goal in his life other than getting and using drugs. Preventing drug addiction is extremely important to heal the person suffering from addiction as also to protect the family from further destruction. Teenagers seem to be the ones who mostly fall under the trap of drug addiction. Hence keeping a check on them is absolutely important for the parents. They should always keep a note of what is happening in their teenà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s life and should take proper action if anything unforeseen is seen. It is important to take notice of any changes in their actions in order to prevent them from drug addiction and substance abuses. Try to control your children from mixing with people who are already known as drug addicts. Identifying the problem early and taking proper precautions will help in preventing your wards from becoming drug abusers. As parents try to give as much time as possible to your child. Mix with him freely as a friend and incorporate pleasurable activities so as to keep their body and mind satisfied. As parents offering proper parental support right from the age when the children become susceptible to various abuses is necessary. It helps in protecting them from befriending wrong persons and following their wrong footsteps. http://www.hccn.org/ Communicating Local And Regional Information In this age of technological boon, information flows instantly. The speed at which information reaches people makes us wonder about the advantages of technological progress. Information from all across the world are now at your fist. You just need to click a single button in order to be the recipient of wide range of information. They can be from any sphere be it political, sports or entertainment. The world has truly become a global village. However in the process of receiving information from all over the world, we tend to forget the necessity of getting local and regional news and information. All the different mediums which are used to getting world news can be used in disseminating local and regional information. One should always be aware about the local and regional happenings. In order to be global we should first care about our locality and region. If only we take good care of our locality, we can increase our horizon in order to look after the world. The various modes by which we can spread local and regional information consist of the traditional audio, visual and direct communication processes. Print, television and radio are the traditional modes of circulating news about what is happening in the entire locality and region. With modern techniques being used, internet has also become an important way of providing local news. One can create a website or blog writing about the various important things which are taking place in the vicinity and neighborhood. As more and more people are now using the internet as tool of getting information, it has now become a credibl e source of providing information about the various aspects of the society. Maintaining a website or blog for providing localized or regional information also ensure its faster flow. It reaches the people concerned at an amazing speed which is not possible for any other form of communication to meet.

Evaluating Change Management and System Implementation

Evaluating Change Management and System Implementation Introduction Rapid growth in the alignment of IT into business process to remain competitive in an unhealthy global market has intrinsic change involved in every aspect of business. To handle these changes the change management is required. In my views change management cannot be defined in a single definition because strategy and acts vary differently based on the project needs. Change management is the integral part of project management. Change management draws expertise decision from the both internal and external factors of an organisation. These plans are fabricated within the project plan and reviewed from time to time. According to Dunleavy et al (1993), it is inevitable for an organisation to manage the emotional up and downs of the people, if there is a massive change under taken by an organisation. According to the recent survey conducted in 2005 by the McKinsey company relieved that only 30% of the change management projects are successful. Dunn CIO of nestle company said (Worthen, B. 2002); Moving to SAP brings the change in peoples working style. It acts like challenging their main beliefs, philosophy, and things which they had perused in the past. And he also says that Change management is the influencing factor of all major IT implementation independent of the software. My views abstracted from my past experience in SAP implementation (two complete life cycles and two support projects) and resume attached in my first blog. System Implementations Huge investments are made system implementation in the industry and it is said to delivery business efficiency as a result. To produce these improvised results there need to be change process involved. Lets consider the example of SAP implementation, these implementations requires the business process reengineering in order to adopt the business to SAP systems. Business process reengineering (BPR) triggers change within the organisation. Implementation methods There are four different implementation methods that are commonly used. They are Big bang all at once Pilot Phased Parallel process Best practice (SAP) In my experience SAP implementation has the first three methods in complete life cycle process. When the company shows the interest towards the SAP then the provider provides the IDES version software to check and make them comfortable with SAP business process. (Pilot method at initial stage after PID). In all the case of my experience ERP implementation happens in a big bang phase but there was one different proposal to go with parallel process and it was dropped because more number of data operators where required to feed both the systems(i/o). When the project moves towards the support phase of the life cycle then the project follows the phased implementation methods. In ECCI the top management decided to Implement ERP to setup a control over the different value chains this triggered the change. ERP implementation in this organisation had a major impact of the work force, so the ITIL framework was followed to handle those change. Request for Change RFC Analysis Change Prioritization Categorize Change Advisory Board Change Schedule Build Test Change Implementation Top management prioritised ITIL framework the most when the BPR was processed. The ERP team analysed the critical factors and consequences towards ERP implementations by carrying out a force field analysis. The driving forces and restrain forces where identified in force field analysis. At the initial stage of the project, there was more number of restraining forces rather than the driving forces. We used a little strategy to trim down the strong points of the restraining forces. E.g. coordination between departments increased by explaining the benefits for each department and how it benefits its process. Other example culture of organisation where managed with the involvement of top management. Force field analysis was a continual process until the equilibrium reached the desired state. During my work I didnt realise it was a Lewins Model of Change, in reality process which we where following was Lewins Model of Change. (Unfreezing, change process and refreezing). In an unfreezing state we found out the elements that can reduce the strength of each restraining forces. Change process, those indentified elements where changed using ITIL framework process. Refreezing state was maintained by a continuous monitoring process. The management in Priya Creations was not flat structure which followed the old classical approach. I was designated a business analyst in this organisation and found various issues relating to organisation structure that affects the performance of the organisation. Top management decided to change structure to flat and a modern structure. It aimed at empowering of employees and fast learning organisation to compete among the competitors. According to Burnes, (2009:100-154), the organisation that follows the Culture-Excellence and becoming a learning organisation will benefit there operational value chain and their strategy. According to Mintzberg et al, (2009), 10 school of strategy define the 10 different values for a modern organisation and how they behave to the success of the organisation. These ten different schools where consider while restructuring the organisation. According to Nicolai,(1997), strategy is the pattern of decisions in a company that determines and reveals its objectives, purpose or goals, produces the principal policies and plans for achieving those goals and defines the range of business the company to pursue, the kind and nature of economy contribution to its customers, employees, shareholders and communities. According to Burnes, (2004), Emergent and planned approach are the two dominant category of organisational change that are generally agreed. He uses the 5 Ps to differentiate planned and emergent approach. In planned approach he describes Strategy as a plan, position and ploy. Strategy as Perspective and Strategy as pattern is described as emergent approach. In my view the emergent change arise spontaneously by a certain task which are not intended or anticipated for developing this change. Planned approach Planned approaches are task that are carried with the intention to trigger the change and planned well ahead. Lewin saw that planned change is principally targeted at operational excellence and human interaction through group outings and social programmes. (Burnes, 2004). Planned change can be easily handled by analysing the internal and external factors. The project team in ECCI has set up a team for the strategic planning process. Objective of that team was to make the project smother in the post go live stage. Team has to analyse various internal and external factors that could affect the process in the post go live. Internal factors were identified using SWOT analysis within the organisation. It determined the strength, weakness, opportunities and threat. The strengths that are identified where TOP Management commitments. High calibre project team. Good technical resources The opportunities that are identified where High competitive advantage with better reports Increase in operational efficiency The weakness that are identified where Skill level of employees Inadequate training The Threats that are identified where Employees reluctant towards change Technology at site Implementation cost External factors were identified using PESTEL analysis within the organisation. It determined the political, economical, social, technological, environmental and legal. There were some factors like political, economical and environmental didnt have much negative influences towards the post implementation side. Social ECCI is a construction company in which most of people in the site where semi skilled workers. They looked at the software as giant and there data was most crucial inputs for report analysis. Technology The internet connectivity in some of remote site where bad and most systems in site need to be upgraded. Legal SAP charges every company based on the number of user, So the limitation to number of user considered to be a problem. Assigning the authentication access to users was also questionable. Strategy as an evolution and selection of right technique was assigned the corresponding department heads. The operation of these techniques where monitored by the project team. Emergent change According to Carnall (2003), there is common thing that exist among the practitioner and theorists, the magnitude and greater frequency of change has made it less predictable in the recent past. In the present business environment change cannot occur from solitary even environment. (Garvin 1994). Emergent impacts can occur from a change program that is even planned and executed most carefully. Kotters (1996) framework for analysis of change eight steps used for the emergent change in the organisation. He empathised on the stand of staged and sequential approach. His framework looks carefully at all stage of change to avoid the pitfalls and it also go in hand with ITIL framework. (1) Establish a sense of urgency highlighted the needs of the change. (2) Form a powerful high level coalition to guide and lead the changes formed a team who can take a high level decision and act independently. (3) Created a organisational vision for the future. (4) Strategy that Communicate repeatedly and consistently vision to entire organisational structure. (5) Empower people in the organisation to act on the vision Doing the needful to achieve the vision. (6) Planed a visible performance improvement for a short-term. (7) Consolidate improvements and produce more change (8) Institutionalise new approaches Brief the new working process and encouraging the work force adopts the change. According to Burnes (2009:11), Cultural and political process derives the emergent change. The resources and capabilities of the organisation are matched with the opportunities and constraints posed by the business environment. Organisation culture was analysed through cultural web to avoid imbalance in the organisation. According to my experience the culture of the organisation determines the success of the project. It can either be positive or negative effects. If we take any example of ERP implementations, the people attitude towards the Project may vary based on their own benefits. The conflicts can arise based on the personal or cultural value of an organisation. From my experience, (Natarajan, November 27, 2010) the culture in the organisation can be easily managed in a proactive manner. The most of ERP implementation carry out the analysis of the organisational culture before start of the project internally. Johnson Scholes (2008), cultural web model has us to analysis the various aspect of the organisation. This analysis will have great contribution towards the change. From my experience a learning organisation can improvise the work culture within the organisation. An organisation is said to be learning if it convert the tacit knowledge to the explicit knowledge. In ECCI we set up issue log common in a common directory, it helps us in logging all issues thats been generated during implementation and this become a documentation for the further referencing. According to Mintzberg,(1989), Number of change that emerges unrelated to the decisions made by the managers. Therefore the change is not planned. These decisions were made on the basic of organisation behaviour and its environment assumptions. Leaders establish the vision for the future and set the strategy for getting there; they cause change. They motivate and inspire others to go in the right direction and they, along with everyone else, sacrifice to get there. (John Kotter, 1996) According to Mohrman et al,(1995), The style of traditional leadership in the is questioned in the rise of organisational flattening structure and empowerment teams. Self management and self leadership followers emphasizes the development of empowering leadership and suitable for empower leadership. They influence the team by encouraging the creativity, independent actions, team working, self-rewards. (Manz Sims, 2001). In my personal view rational are those who suit into the empowerment leadership. In my view the impact on change management based on The Temperament Matrix (Keirsey, 1987) and representing in terms of percentage. What is Whats possible? What Works Artisans (20%) Rational (40%) Artisans could be a problematic in the initial stage. Once the new process starts they will more productive because they believe on hands on experience. Troubleshooting attitude will encourage them towards the new process as complicity arises. Rationalist could have both extreme impacts (positive and negative) depending on the change impact towards their personal role because they strongly believe in supremacy. Whats Right Guardians (10%) Idealists (30%) Guardians are the derive agents of change. They take the ownership for the process to support the organisation for the change. Idealists acceptance to the change based on stages. They compare the real world entity with the theoretical study. Temperament Matrix In my view the persons who suits into change management based on The Temperament Matrix. What is Whats possible? What Works Artisans Rational Developers/ Executives Functional Heads Whats Right Guardians Idealists Project Manages / support executives Users Temperament Matrix Source: (Natarajan, November 10, 2010) Consultants In my view consultants (Natarajan, November 19, 2010) are the expertises who are brought in to do a specific task for a certain period of time in which the organisation has few or no experts. Consultants have wide knowledge about the specific field and give advice on that subject matter. Consultants can be recruited within the organisation or tie-up with a consultancy company which has a pool of consultants (eg IBM) and decision is left to the top management to decide whether to have internal or external consultants. Psychological thought makes us believe that the consultants are always right and organisation views report more seriously when compared to the internal reports. This is because they are independent variables, so is there is no control of superiors over them because suggest things not implement them and they look things differently. The CONSULT Model CONSULT models reminds me of the life cycle of the consultancy project which is unique for all consultancy projects. The problem with this model is identifying the issues, no of resource and the time line for the project. In my experience consultants life span is where short over a particular project, in which he need to get adjusted to the organisation standards, culture and nature of a job over a short period of time. Understanding the problem depends on the business analyst who does the knowledge transfer and the consultant has to map the business in the IT world. Relationship between clients and consultants Purchase of expertise The task is given by the client and consultant executes the task. Doctor/patient model The task is not given by the client but some information is given in the form of data where the solution should be given by the consultant. Process Consultation Here the problems and the task where indentified together. My experience at ford as a part time consultant. This was high prioritised task, when Process Integration system ford failed to react to one third party applications. The sense of urgency was maintained to handle that task. The ford top management had a serious concern over task as one important application failed. There was short time strategy to resolve within a short period of time. The group of PI consultant from different firms worked under a single team to handle this issue. There was a difference in the opinions, they where shorted out by project manager and the delivery manager. Return on investment (ROI) In my view budget for the IT projects very high, the investors needs to look into the cost which can be incurred certain duration of time. ROI is analysed before start of the project to decide whether every penny spent is worthwhile. (Natarajan, November 10, 2010) Benefits The objectives contribute towards the benefits of the project. Analysing the key benefits will help project team to encourage other members of the organisation towards the success of the project. Benefit realisation will encourage the investors or board of directors and their contribution. Risk The risk can be handled but predicting risk in early stages can prevent damages. Risk analysis relives the dead spots in the project and these should take into consideration while implementing the project. Conclusion Change can be managed if the change process is controlled. The top management strategy and vision towards change should be empowered. References Burnes, B. (2009) Managing Change, (5th Ed), Harlow: FT Prentice Hall Burnes, B. (2004), Kurt Lewin and the planned approach to change: a reappraisal, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 41 No. 6. Burnes, B. (2004), Managing Change, 4th ed., FT Prentice-Hall, London. Carnall, C.A. (2003), Managing Change in Organizations, 4th ed., FT/Prentice-Hall, Harlow. Dunvely, Patrick and Christopher hood 1993. From old public administration to new public management.  Public Money and Management  14  (3):  9-16. Garvin, D.A. (1994), Building a learning organisation, Harvard Business Review July/August, pp. 78-91. 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